Thousands of union members showed up from all over the U.S. on July 12 and 13, 2018 for a national rally in Columbus, Ohio to save multi-employer pensions. There was a hearing in the Ohio Statehouse on July 13th on the Butch Lewis Act.
It's a safe
assumption that every union musician in the U.S. is
aware that the American Federation of Musicians Employers' Pension Fund
(AFM-EPF) has been in "critical" status since 2010 (following the
recession of 2007-9). There has been a deluge of information and opinions on
this matter flooding the internet, and it's rather daunting to attempt to
separate fact from fiction. Basically, the Fund has developed a a huge gap between its liabilities and its assets. While its assets are growing due to increases in wages and due to earnings from investments, the benefits being paid to retirees far exceed the growth of the Fund's assets.
This problem is not unique to the AFM; 114 multi-employer pension funds in the U.S. are expected to become insolvent over the next 20 years.
Peter de Boor, editor of the International Conference of Symphony and Opera Musicians' (ICSOM's) official publication Senza Sordino, recently published this article to help shed light on the situation.
Shortly thereafter, the Musicians for Pension Security (a
pension awareness group made up of AFM union members who are currently vested
in the AFM-EPF Pension Fund) issued this response
to Peter de Boor's article.
Who's right? Who's wrong? Is there a solution to the problem?
In November 2017 Senator Sherrod Brown (D-OH) introduced the Butch Lewis Act of 2017 (S. 2147/H.R. 4444). This legislation is not a
government bail-out; instead, it restores solvency to multi-employer pension
plans by allowing the plans to borrow the money they need to remain
solvent. The actuaries of the AFM-EPF have confirmed that the Butch Lewis
Act would address the financial issues of the AFM-EPF by providing the
financial support to prevent insolvency in the event that the fund enters
"critical and declining" status. The Musicians for Pension Security also supports this
legislation.
The Butch Lewis legislation was not included in the February 2018
Congressional budget deal, but a Joint Select Committee on the Solvency of
Multi-employer Pension Plans was authorized to closely examine the multi-employer
pension crisis and to develop legislation by November 30, 2018. Now is
the time to convince lawmakers to take this matter seriously, prior to that November 30th deadline.
We musicians have the ability to make our voices heard in Congress
by using the contact information and suggestions provided by the American
Federation of Musicians.
Here's a user-friendly online petition in support of the Butch
Lewis Act.
If you haven't yet taken action in support of the Butch Lewis Act,
please do so now for the sake of your retirement income and the retirement
income of musicians nationwide.
The Musicians for Pension Security (MPS) also proposes a solution based upon increased contributions. Specifically, the MPS suggests 6%
annual increases in contributions to the Fund over the next 5 years and 2.9%
annual increases thereafter in order to prevent future cuts in benefits. As a musician who is currently involved in
Collective Bargaining Agreement negotiations, I can state with surety that it
would be impossible to talk my orchestra and/or its administration into increasing
our contributions to the AFM-EPF. Instead, everyone is lamenting the fact
that we're "trapped" in the Fund. While it does seem plausible
that increasing contributions (above the increases which occur as a result of
wage increases) might solve the problem, it doesn't seem possible because of the Fund's unfortunate reputation. That's why I believe that the Butch Lewis Act, endorsed by
both AFM and MPS, is our best available solution at this time. Let's do what we can to support it!
Many bassoonists learn to play the bassoon during middle school; that's the ideal time to establish good playing habits. The first important habit presented here is playing position, which includes embouchure and position of the reed in the mouth. Next a few basic fingering issues are addressed, followed by the use of air and embouchure.
PLAYING POSITION
In order to produce the best possible sound on the bassoon, there are certain basic recommendations for playing position. First, establish your sitting position without the bassoon. Sit comfortably (but sit up straight) in the chair with your head straight (not tilted up). Add the bassoon, adjusting the seat strap backward, forward, up or down to fit the bassoon comfortably into your original position.
Bassoon playing position
Make sure that the bocal is positioned correctly. Usually the bocal aligns best between the pad of the A key and the C key. The left thumb keys should be pointing at you, not off to your left. The instrument should be balanced, with its weight shared by your right thigh and your left hand. The next important aspect of playing position is the embouchure. Cover your teeth completely with your upper and lower lips and then drop your jaw, producing what is referred to as an overbite embouchure. Bassoon embouchure is not symmetrical - there should be little or no pressure on the reed applied by the lower lip or jaw. The lower lip simply encases the reed, otherwise staying out of the way. There are other types of bassoon embouchures but this is the type that has worked best for my students and myself.
Bassoon overbite embouchure - drop your jaw and don't push up on the reed!
The next critical aspect of playing position is the position of the reed in the mouth. I tell my students to place about half of the blade of the reed in the mouth. If this issue is unaddressed, the tendency of most students is to insert too much of the reed into the mouth, resulting in difficulty in controlling sound, intonation and dynamics.
Reed position - only half of the blade should be inserted into the player's mouth.
FINGERINGS
Bassoon
students are often unsure of fingerings, which is understandable
considering the complexity of certain bassoon fingerings and the fact
that many notes have multiple fingerings (some better than others!).
There aren't many patterns or rules, unfortunately, but there are a
few.....for example, I was surprised to find out during a recent master
class that none of the students could fully answer the question "Which
notes require the whisper key?". They knew that the whisper key was
needed for Bb1 through F2 (the numbers indicate the bassoon octave, so
our lowest note is Bb1, and the octave higher is Bb2, etc.) but beyond
that, they were uncertain.
Here are a few rules which should be memorized:
The
"pancake" key takes the place of the whisper key for the very lowest
notes (Bb1-Db1). That's because the player's left thumb is unable to
reach the regular whisper key while also activating the low C, low B and low Bb keys.
The pancake key, which substitutes for the whisper key.
The
reason why the left thumb whisper key can't be activated at the same
time as the low C, low B or low Bb key (it would be physically
impossible).
The purpose of both the pancake key and the whisper
key is to close the whisper key pad which covers the hole in the nub of
the bocal:
The
whisper key pad covers the hole in the nub of the bocal. The whisper
key pad is activated by either the left thumb whisper key or the right
thumb pancake key.
It's important to regularly test your pancake key to
be sure that it's totally closing the whisper key pad over its hole on
the bocal. If it's not, just add some tape (masking tape, duct tape,
etc.) to the connector extending from the tenor joint to the "foot"
extending from the rod of the pancake. This is what it looks like:
Orange duct tape added to the connector. This enables the pancake to fully close the whisper key over the hole on the bocal
These are the notes which require the pancake key (in place of the whisper key):
Bb1 through Db1
These are the notes which require the whisper key:
D1 through Ab2, G3, G#3
There
is another variation of the whisper key issue.......there are 5 notes
on the bassoon which require both the whisper key AND a half hole in the
first finger left hand. These are the notes which require whisper key
PLUS half hole:
F#2 G2, G#2, G3, G#3
First finger left hand half hole
There is also confusion about when to use
the little finger left hand Eb key (also known as the upper auxiliary
key). These are the notes requiring the Eb (upper auxiliary) key:
Eb1, (Eb2), G2, E3 and all notes above E3
The Eb or upper auxiliary key
Eb2 has many different fingerings, some of which
require the Eb (auxiliary) key. My preferred fingering for Eb2 does not
require the Eb key, but sometimes I use one of the fingerings which
does require it. It's very important for students to remember that as a
rule, the Eb (upper auxiliary) key is required for all of the high
notes beginning with E3.
These are the few fingering
rules which apply to the bassoon, and hopefully memorizing these rules
will help students begin to master the vast fingering chart for our
instrument.
USE OF AIR AND EMBOUCHURE
The pitch and dynamics are controlled by air and embouchure as follows:
If you use more air, the pitch rises and the sound gets louder. If you use less air, the pitch drops and the sound gets softer. If you tighten your embouchure, the pitch rises and the sound gets softer. If you loosen your embouchure, the pitch drops and the sound gets louder.
Awareness of these rules helps bassoonists gain control of what comes out of the bassoon!
There are many aspects of bassoon playing which are important for high school-aged bassoonists such as equipment, playing position, air and embouchure, finger technique, effective practicing, musicianship, tonguing and tone production. Here are a few basic pointers from each of those categories which may be helpful.
Reeds
Once the student has identified a reliable reed source, the
lifespan of each reed may be maximized by following one important
rule: Always allow reeds to dry out after playing.
How
long does a reed last? It varies according to whether or not the reed has dried out after playing, the level of acidity in the player's saliva and the amount of playing on the reed. For most high school students, a reed
lasts a few weeks or even months. (However, it's common for a student
to insist on newer reeds as his/her standards rise.) Serious high
school students often learn to make reeds.
What
should reeds be stored in? A small tin container such the type used
for Sucrets or Altoids works well and costs little. A nail and a hammer may be used to
puncture a few air holes in the container so that air reaches the reeds.
tin reed cases with air holes made with hammer and nail
Here's an easy and effective way to improve a
bassoon reed. If the tip seems too open, just take a pair of pliers and
squeeze the top wire from top to bottom:
Closing the tip by squeezing the top wire from top to bottom
If the tip seems too closed, squeeze from side to side:
Opening the tip by squeezing the top wire from side to side
The best part of this reed fix is that if it doesn't
work (or if it makes the reed worse) it's reversible! Don't be afraid
to experiment with this. Many a bad reed has been rectified using this
method.
Instruments
If
a student has a choice of instruments, it's best to test each one to
identify the one which is most cooperative. A private bassoon teacher
will be able to ensure that the instrument is working properly. One
common problem is that the connector between the boot and the tenor
joint is often out of adjustment so that the pancake key does not
completely close the whisper key pad on the bocal. That problem will
cause the low notes to balk, and it's an easy problem to resolve using a
piece of tape around the connector to make it thicker.
If the student's family is fortunate enough to be able to afford to purchase a bassoon, several of my students have recently purchased Fox Renard model 240 bassoons from Midwest Musical Imports for less than $10,000. The Fox 240 is an excellent instrument especially considering its relatively low price. I always remind parents that the bassoon can be sold later if for any reason it's no longer needed. Bassoons retain their value more than most other instruments. Bassoons
are delicate and must be properly cared for. Bassoons should never be
laid down flat on any surface due to the probability of moisture
reaching the pads. If it's not possible to keep the bassoon upright,
then it should be disassembled and placed in its case.
Each
time the bassoon is disassembled, the tenor joint and the boot must be
swabbed with pull-through cloth (such as silk) swabs. The best swabs
have a string (tail) on each end in case the swab gets stuck inside the
bassoon.
Bocals
It's
important for students to use the best bocal available and to
understand that each bocal has a number between 0 and 3. The higher the
number, the longer the bocal, and the lower the pitch. Since bocals
vary greatly, t's a good idea for a student to try all available bocals
and choose the one which plays best in tune and has the best sound.
Bocals are extremely fragile and should be handled with great care.
The
bocal must be kept clean it order for it to function properly. A silk
bocal swab (with a string on each end in case it becomes stuck) is the
best tool for cleaning, and should be used approximately once a month. Wash
the swab after each cleaning.
bocal swab, with a tail on each end
If no bocal swab is available, twist the ends of
three pipe cleaners together and push the pipe cleaners through the
bocal, rinsing with water afterwards.
Seat strap and neck strap support
Bassoons
require a seat strap for playing in the seated position. The best type of seat strap is the cup style. The cup strap allows easy adjusting of the position of the bassoon.
Cup style bassoon seat strap
A neck
strap, sling strap or harness is required for playing in the standing position. For either sitting or standing, the support strap should be adjusted so that the bassoon is
in the best possible and most comfortable position for playing. Saxophone neck straps work
well for bassoon. I recommend the Wittman Spinstrap
Model 700 for sax or bassoon - it's the most comfortable support for
standing with a bassoon that I've found. Unlike typical neckstraps
which can be very uncomfortable, the Spinstrap is more like a sling
which goes over the left shoulder and under the right arm.
Wittman Spinstrap for Saxes and Bassoons
Placement of bocal
The bocal should be aligned between the high A
key pad and the high C key pad in order to achieve the best balance (with the weight of the
bassoon evenly distributed between the right outer thigh and the inside
of the left hand near the base of the forefinger). When the position of the bocal is correct, the left thumb keys point toward the player, not off to the player's left.
the bocal is positioned here between the pad of the high A key and the pad of the high C key
Posture of the player
The bassoonist should sit up straight and
comfortably in the chair, leaning slightly forward rather than sitting
back in the chair. The player's head should always remain looking
straight ahead, not tilted up or down to accommodate the bassoon. The
seat strap should be adjusted so that the bocal heads straight into the
player's mouth without the player having to adjust. Adjust the BASSOON,
not the posture.
Bassoon playing position
Formation of embouchure
Bassoon embouchure is formed by wrapping
the upper and lower lips over the teeth and dropping the jaw. No lips should be showing, and most of the pressure should be applied to the reed from above, with the jaw just dropped down and not pushing up.
With an overbite embouchure, pressure is applied to the reed from above, and the player is careful to avoid pushing up on the reed!
Placement of reed in the mouth
About half of the blade of the
reed should be placed in the player's mouth. Many students insert the
reed too far. As the player ascends up the range, gradually more of the
reed is inserted. As the player descends, gradually less reed is taken
into the mouth.
Only half of the blade is placed in the player's mouth.
Also, it's important for the player to
beware of pushing up on the reed with the jaw, which is a common
problem. It's best to think of applying pressure on the reed from
above, while relaxing and dropping the jaw. Bassoon students often play
sharp, and the best way to avoid that is to be sure that the pressure
on the reed is coming from above, not pushing up from below (the jaw
should be relaxed and dropped down). Generally, a sharp, constricted
sound indicates a too-tight embouchure.
Fingerings
Bassoon
students are often unsure of fingerings, which is understandable
considering the complexity of certain bassoon fingerings and the fact
that many notes have multiple fingerings (some better than others!).
There aren't many patterns or rules, unfortunately, but there are a
few.....for example, I was surprised to find out during a recent master
class that none of the students could fully answer the question "Which
notes require the whisper key?". They knew that the whisper key was
needed for Bb1 through F2 (the numbers indicate the bassoon octave, so
our lowest note is Bb1, and the octave higher is Bb2, etc.) but beyond
that, they were uncertain.
Here are a few rules which should be memorized:
The
"pancake" key takes the place of the whisper key for the very lowest
notes (Bb1-Db1). That's because the player's left thumb is unable to
reach the regular whisper key while also activating the low C, low B and low Bb
keys.
The pancake key, which substitutes for the whisper key.
The
reason why the left thumb whisper key can't be activated at the same
time as the low C, low B or low Bb key (it would be physically
impossible).
The purpose of both the pancake key and the whisper
key is to close the whisper key pad which covers the hole in the nub of
the bocal:
The
whisper key pad covers the hole in the nub of the bocal. The whisper
key pad is activated by either the left thumb whisper key or the right
thumb pancake key.
It's important to regularly test your pancake key to
be sure that it's totally closing the whisper key pad over its hole on
the bocal. If it's not, just add some tape (masking tape, duct tape,
etc.) to the connector extending from the tenor joint to the "foot"
extending from the rod of the pancake. This is what it looks like:
Orange duct tape added to the connector. This enables the pancake to fully close the whisper key over the hole on the bocal
These are the notes which require the pancake key (in place of the whisper key):
Bb1 through Db1
These are the notes which require the whisper key:
D1 through Ab2, G3, G#3
There
is another variation of the whisper key issue.......there are 5 notes
on the bassoon which require both the whisper key AND a half hole in the
first finger left hand. These are the notes which require whisper key
PLUS half hole:
F#2 G2, G#2, G3, G#3
First finger left hand half hole
There is also confusion about when to use
the little finger left hand Eb key (also known as the upper auxiliary
key). These are the notes requiring the Eb (upper auxiliary) key:
Eb1, (Eb2), G2, E3 and all notes above E3
The Eb or upper auxiliary key
Eb2 has many different fingerings, some of which
require the Eb (auxiliary) key. My preferred fingering for Eb2 does not
require the Eb key, but sometimes I use one of the fingerings which
does require it. It's very important for students to remember that as a
rule, the Eb (upper auxiliary) key is required for all of the high
notes beginning with E3.
These are the few fingering
rules which apply to the bassoon, and hopefully memorizing these rules
will help students begin to master the vast fingering chart for our
instrument.
Air and embouchure
The two factors which bassoonists use to
change pitch and dynamics are air and embouchure, as follows:
Using more air results in higher pitch and louder dynamics. Using less air results in lower pitch and lower dynamics. Tightening the embouchure results in higher pitch and lower dynamics. Loosening the embouchure results in lower pitch and louder dynamics.
Breathing
A good way to practice abdominal breathing is to lie on
the floor belly up with a book placed on the lower abdomen. The goal is to make the book rise upon inhaling and sink down upon exhaling. Then the abdominal
breathing may be used to practice steady, controlled long tones on the bassoon, producing straight tones at first and later adding crescendos and
diminuendos.
Developing a concept of sound and musicianship
It's a good idea
for bassoon students to have a goal of playing with a desirable tone.
There are many YouTube videos of superstar bassoonists such as Sophie
Dartigalongue, Nadina Mackie Jackson, Arthur Weisberg, Klaus Thunemann,
Min-Ho Lee, Judith LeClair and Gilbert Audin. Musicianship may be
learned from performances and recording of any great musician, and a student's exposure to great musicians should certainly not be limited to bassoonists! It's
advisable to spend considerable time listening to recordings of world
class string players, singers and pianists in order to develop a sense
of musicianship.
Vibrato
Once the student has good control of long tones, it's
time to begin developing vibrato, which may be thought of as a regular
pulsation in the sound caused by bursts of air. These pulsations are best practiced in strict
rhythm in order to build the abdominal muscles involved in vibrato
production. There are many ways to think of producing beginning
vibrato, such as imitating the sound of a dying car battery, or using a
"Ha!Ha!Ha!Ha!" or panting or laughing. Bassoon students often benefit
from watching string players produce vibrato with the left hand; vibrato
obviously cannot be seen when produced by a wind player.
In
general, the speed of vibrato in general varies from 4 beats per second
to 7 beats per second, with 5 or 6 per second falling into the normal
range. Lower pitched voices and instruments often tend to use a
somewhat slower vibrato than higher pitched instruments. Advanced
musicians are able to vary the speed and intensity of the vibrato.
To
learn vibrato on the bassoon, set the metronome at 60 and begin
pulsating 2 times per beat. Gradually, over the course of weeks or
months, increase the pulsations up to 7 per beat (which is quite fast).
Rhythm
Accurate rhythm and a steady pulse are essential for a
strong musical performance on any instrument. Rhythm should never be neglected during
practicing, and regular use of a metronome is recommended.
For more advanced musicians, rubato is
used to create musically interesting phrases. Within the context of a
steady pulse, some notes are stretched while others are compressed in
order to fit into the steady pulse framework, allowing emphasis of
certain parts of the phrase - that's what the term rubato refers to.
For sight-reading, rhythm should always be top priority; other flaws may be overlooked, but rhythmic accuracy is essential.
Practicing effectively
It's important to avoid practicing mistakes! That means stopping and addressing any problems as they arise during practice sessions. The most basic rule of practicing is to slow it down. Sometimes a technical problem is resolved simply by slowing down the tempo and playing the passage a few times slowly.
If a note is out of tune,
the embouchure, air or fingering may be manipulated to resolve the problem. Tuning apps make it easy to identify issues. If the rhythm is inaccurate, a metronome app might come in handy. Subdividing is a very helpful technique for improving rhythmic accuracy.
If the fingerings are sloppy, which is
so often the case for bassoonists, it's very helpful to listen closely so that the exact notes causing the problem may be identified. The problem intervals may benefit from being played slowly (and accurately) many times before adding the surrounding notes.
Unless the passage in question is written all slurred, I recommend eliminating all articulations so that the passage is all slurred. Once the passage can be played evenly all slurred, then add the articulations as printed. It's very common for students to blame the tongue for problems which are actually caused by uneven fingerings.
Another approach is to play the entire passage until reaching the first problem note. Then that note is held with a fermata. Next, with great
conviction, the fingers are clicked into the correct fingering for the next
note, with a fermata also on that one, and so on
throughout the problematic part of the passage. After the problem notes are finished, the passage is completed as written (so that only the problematic notes have fermatas). This approach should be repeated several times.
Afterwards, the passage is played as written. It's possible that there will be a new problem created by the corrections which just took place, and the same technique using fermatas and clicking fingerings may be applied again to the new problem notes.
How do you know when a passage is mastered? If you can play it perfectly 10 times in a row, then you're in good shape!
What to practice
Scales and arpeggiosare the building blocks of all of the music we're called upon to perform, and that's why it's so important to familiarize ourselves with all of the major and minor scales and arpeggios. Long tones are essential for developing control of the air and embouchure (which control the pitch and dynamics as well as sound). Bassoon students usually work on etudes also such as those by Weissenborn and Milde.
Bassoon etude books
Tonguing
In order to begin a note on the bassoon with a graceful
and clean "attack", it's necessary to have the embouchure and air set up
in advance. Think of the tongue as a valve which starts and stops the
flow of air. The player sets up the air and embouchure with the tongue
against the reed so that it doesn't yet vibrate. When, with the correct
embouchure and air in place for the note being played, the tongue is
pulled back, allowing the air to vibrate the reed. That technique
results in a very desirable attack. Then when the tongue is again placed against the reed, the note ends.
Many bassoonists also employ
the technique known as double tonguing, and some begin learning it as
early as high school. Basically, double tonguing requires the player to
begin the first note with the tongue in front as usual, but the second
note is articulated with the tongue in the back of the mouth. The spoken syllables would be
"TaKaTaKa......etc." or "DuGuDuGu....etc.". Here's a blog post I wrote about learning to double tongue on the bassoon.
Flicking
Flicking is a technique, unique to bassoon playing,
which improves or enables the response of certain notes (A2, Bb3, B3, C3 and D3.....see below), especially
when the note is being slurred to from a note in the lower range. The
left thumb briefly swipes open one of the left thumb keys (the high A,
high C or high D key) at the beginning of the flicked note.
These are the flick notes and the thumb key used to flick each note (Bb3 can use either the A key or the C key):
Recommended reading
The Art of Wind Playing by Arthur Weisberg (currently out of print but available from Amazon and various other sources).
